A study on optimal parameter combinations for austempered ductile iron
Abstract
Nodular cast iron possesses a spherical graphite shape and exhibits mechanical properties closely resembling those of steel after heat treatment. The austempering method provides a means of enhancing the mechanical properties of nodular cast iron. This study aimed to investigate the optimal parameter combinations for Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI). The experiments involved varying the austenitization temperature and austempering time. Multiple tests were conducted to analyze the effects of austenitization temperature and tempering time on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness. The experimental samples were obtained from Y-block nodular cast iron austenitized at 850, 900, and 950°C for 90 min in an electric furnace. Subsequently, they were quenched in a salt bath at a temperature of 350°C and held for 60, 90, and 120 minutes before being cooled to room temperature. Mechanical tests and microstructure observations were performed on both the as-cast sample and after austempering. The microstructure was observed using an optical microscope before and after the etching. The research findings indicated that austempering increases the hardness and impact toughness of nodular cast iron. The highest hardness (46.8 HRC) was achieved from a parameter combination of an austenitization temperature of 850°C and an austempering time of 90 minutes. This particular sample also exhibited a relatively higher impact energy (3.8 J) compared to the others. The results of this study suggest that the austenitization temperature and tempering time exert an influence on the mechanical properties.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
H. Avdusinovic and A. Gigović-Gekić, “Heat treatment of nodular cast iron,” Trends Dev. Mach. Assoc. Technol., pp. 16–21, 2009.
H. Oktadinata, M. S. Dafi, and D. H. Prajitno, “Microstructure Evolution and Hardness Properties of Nodular Cast Iron for Varying Tempering Time,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 935, pp. 3–9, 2022.
A. A. Nofal and L. Jekova, “Novel processing techniques and applications of austempered ductile iron,” J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 213–228, 2009.
H. Oktadinata, T. Triantoro, and I. Ardiansyah, “Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron at Different Austempering Temperatures,” in 6th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology International conference (MEST 2022), 2023, pp. 114–121.
B. Wang, F. Qiu, G. C. Barber, Y. Pan, W. Cui, and R. Wang, “Microstructure, wear behavior and surface hardening of austempered ductile iron,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 9838–9855, 2020.
A. Keleş, R. Cengız, and M. Yildirim, “Effect of Alloying Elements and Technological Parameters of Austempering on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Cast Iron (ADI),” Met. Sci. Heat Treat., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 191–199, 2023.
B. Shakeri, E. Heidari, and S. M. A. Boutorabi, “Effect of isothermal heat treatment time on the microstructure and properties of 4.3% Al austempered ductile iron,” Int. J. Met., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 3005–3018, 2023.
Z. Shi, M. Dong, Y. Sun, J. Ma, X. Du, and J. Zhao, “Effects of austempering time on the microstructure and properties of austempered ductile iron,” Metall. Res. Technol., vol. 119, no. 1, p. 117, 2022.
A. Uyar, O. Sahin, B. Nalcaci, and V. Kilicli, “Effect of austempering times on the microstructures and mechanical properties of dual-matrix structure austempered ductile iron (DMS-ADI),” Int. J. Met., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 407–418, 2022.
X. Wang et al., “Relationship among process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI),” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 857, p. 144063, 2022.
S. Singh and B. Singh, “Parametric study and optimization of austenitization and austempering on ductile iron,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2023, vol. 2800, no. 1.
B. Karaca, M. Şimşir, and H. Akkan, “Effect of heat treatment on the tensile properties of cam shaft made of ductile cast iron,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2016.
M. Górny, Ł. Gondek, E. Tyrała, G. Angella, and M. Kawalec, “Structure homogeneity and thermal stability of austempered ductile iron,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 52, pp. 2227–2237, 2021.
L. Maddi, V. Dakre, A. Likhite, and S. Pathak, “Effect of Two-Step Austempering Process on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Equivalent Austempered Ductile Iron,” SAE Int. J. Mater. Manuf., vol. 17, no. 05-17-01–0004, 2023.
A. S. Darmawan, A. D. Anggono, A. Yulianto, B. W. Febriantoko, and A. Hamid, “Effect of Austempering Holding Time Variations of 30, 60, and 90 Minutes at 300° C on The Microstructure and Toughness of Nodular Cast Iron,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2024, vol. 2739, no. 1, p. 12029.
M. Górny, G. Angella, E. Tyrała, M. Kawalec, S. Paź, and A. Kmita, “Role of austenitization temperature on structure homogeneity and transformation kinetics in austempered ductile iron,” Met. Mater. Int., vol. 25, pp. 956–965, 2019.
V. Dakre, D. R. Peshwe, S. U. Pathak, and A. Likhite, “Effect of austenitization temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon-equivalent carbidic austempered ductile iron,” Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., vol. 25, pp. 770–778, 2018.
S. Daber and P. Prasad Rao, “Formation of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 357–367, 2008.
U. R. Kumari and P. P. Rao, “Study of wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 1082–1093, 2009.
M. Erdogan, V. Kilicli, and B. Demir, “Transformation characteristics of ductile iron austempered from intercritical austenitizing temperature ranges,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 1394–1403, 2009.
J. Bai et al., “Microstructures and mechanical properties of ductile cast iron with different crystallizer inner diameters,” Crystals, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 413, 2022.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v22i3.5001
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
Mailing Address:
Jl. Banda Aceh-Medan
Km. 280,3, Buketrata, Mesjid Punteut, Blang Mangat,
Kota Lhokseumawe, 24301
Propinsi Aceh,
Indonesia