Exhaust Emission Control in Sport Motorcycles: A Comparison of Catalytic Converters with Alternative Metal Materials

Warju Warju; Sudirman Rizki Ariyanto; Muhammad Yandi Pratama

doi:10.30811/jpl.v22i1.4092

Exhaust Emission Control in Sport Motorcycles: A Comparison of Catalytic Converters with Alternative Metal Materials

Warju Warju, Sudirman Rizki Ariyanto, Muhammad Yandi Pratama

Abstract

In this modern era, motor vehicles have brought significant changes in human life. Faster and more efficient mobility has increased connectivity between regions, supported economic growth, and improved quality of life. However, increased mobility also means an increase in vehicle exhaust emissions, which contribute to climate change and air pollution. One effective technology for controlling exhaust emissions is the use of catalytic converters. Metal catalytic converters, such as copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper, have been researched as more affordable and effective catalyst alternatives. This research aims to analyze the optimal design of exhaust systems with catalytic converters among three types of alternative materials (copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper) as well as standard exhaust systems without catalysts (STD NC) and standard platinum group metal exhaust systems (STD PGM) in maximizing the reduction of motor vehicle exhaust emissions. An experimental research design was used by utilizing a 2015 Yamaha Vixion Lightning as the research object. Catalytic converters were prepared with specific specifications to ensure consistency and accuracy in measurements. CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbons), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and O2 (oxygen) emissions were analyzed using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer. The research results indicate that the CuCr sample exhibits excellent performance in reducing CO and HC emissions. The CuCr sample has an average CO emission of 4.09% Vol with a standard deviation of 1.46, demonstrating good consistency in CO emissions. Meanwhile, the average HC emissions from the CuCr sample are 320 ppmVol with a standard deviation of 106, indicating good consistency in HC emissions. All samples meet the emission standards set by the government, except for the STD NC sample, which exceeds the CO emission threshold.

Keywords

motor vehicles, exhaust emissions, catalytic converter, copper, brass, chrome-plated copper.

Full Text:

PDF

References

I. A. N. N. Shoffan, S. Sumarli, and I. M. Nauri, “The effect of copper-based catalytic converter with circular tube shape on exhaust emission of Yamaha Vixion 1PA,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 669, no. 1, pp. 0–9, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/669/1/012014.

H. Hata, M. Okada, K. Yanai, M. Kugata, and J. Hoshi, “Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles after parking events evaluated by chassis dynamometer experiment and chemical kinetic model of three-way catalytic converter,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 848, p. 157578, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157578.

J. Kim, C. Myung, and K. Lee, “Exhaust emissions and conversion efficiency of catalytic converter for an ethanol‐fueled spark ignition engine,” Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1211–1223, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1002/bbb.2007.

K. Bhaskar et al., “Resistance Heated Catalytic Converter (RHCC) with copper oxide catalyst for reducing HC/CO emission from automobile,” Mater. Today Proc., Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.330.

R. Manojkumar, S. Haranethra, M. Muralidharan, and A. Ramaprabhu, “I.C. Engine emission reduction using catalytic converter by replacing the noble catalyst and using copper oxide as the catalyst,” Mater. Today Proc., Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.804.

Y. Liu, H. Wang, N. Li, J. Tan, and D. Chen, “Research on ammonia emissions from three-way catalytic converters based on small sample test and vehicle test,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 795, p. 148926, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148926.

K. D. Patel, D. Subedar, and F. Patel, “Design and development of automotive catalytic converter using non-nobel catalyst for the reduction of exhaust emission: A review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 57, pp. 2465–2472, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.350.

R. B. Irawan, P. Purwanto, and H. Hadiyanto, “Optimum Design of Manganese-coated Copper Catalytic Converter to Reduce Carbon Monoxide Emissions on Gasoline Motor,” Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 23, pp. 86–92, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.013.

E. Ellyanie and D. Oktabri H, “The Effect of Brass (Cu-Zn) Catalytic Converter Muffler On Engine Performance,” Indones. J. Eng. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 035–043, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.51630/ijes.v2i2.20.

Warju, S. P. Harto, and Soenarto, “The Performance of Chrome-Coated Copper as Metallic Catalytic Converter to Reduce Exhaust Gas Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engine,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 288, no. 1, p. 012151, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/288/1/012151.

S. Suheni, R. Sunoko, A. S. Leksono, and S. Wahyudi, “Optimization Design of Reducting Co & HC Gas through Alloy Converter Catalyst Prototype Model,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Anal., vol. 06, no. 01, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.47191/ijmra/v6-i1-28.

S. S. Ingle, K. G. Joshi, S. S. Raj, and E. Elangovan, “Emission analysis of catalytic converter with coating of nanomaterials,” Mater. Today Proc., Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.175.

S. R. Ariyanto, S. Suprayitno, and R. Wulandari, “Design of Metallic Catalytic Converter using Pareto Optimization to Improve Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions,” Automot. Exp., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 200–2015, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.31603/ae.7977.

C. Leishman et al., “Manganese-based catalysts supported on carbon xerogels for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx using a hollow fibre-based reactor,” Catal. Today, p. 114019, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.01.026.

A. H. Laskar, M. Y. Soesanto, and M.-C. Liang, “Role of Vehicular Catalytic Converter Temperature in Emission of Pollutants: An Assessment Based on Isotopic Analysis of CO 2 and N 2 O,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 4378–4388, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07430.

Y. Chun Tie, M. Birks, and K. Francis, “Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers,” SAGE Open Med., vol. 7, p. 205031211882292, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1177/2050312118822927.

O. A. Odunlami, O. K. Oderinde, F. A. Akeredolu, J. A. Sonibare, O. R. Obanla, and M. E. Ojewumi, “The effect of air-fuel ratio on tailpipe exhaust emission of motorcycles,” Fuel Commun., vol. 11, p. 100040, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100040.

C. F. de S. Rodrigues, F. J. C. de Lima, and F. T. Barbosa, “Importance of using basic statistics adequately in clinical research,” Brazilian J. Anesthesiol. (English Ed., vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 619–625, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2017.01.011.

Asnawi et al., “Effects of bioethanol addition to the biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on diesel engine exhaust emissions,” J. Polimesin, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 292–296, 2023.

S. Dey and N. S. Mehta, “Automobile pollution control using catalysis,” Resour. Environ. Sustain., vol. 2, p. 100006, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2020.100006.

S. H. K. M., “Standard Deviation,” in International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 1378–1379. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_535.

B. Deng et al., “The effect of air/fuel ratio on the CO and NOx emissions for a twin-spark motorcycle gasoline engine under wide range of operating conditions,” Energy, vol. 169, pp. 1202–1213, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.113.

O. Sogbesan, M. H. Davy, and C. P. Garner, “Insights into the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions in moderately and highly dilute Low Temperature Combustion,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng., vol. 228, no. 11, pp. 1285–1296, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1177/0954407014521176.

M. R. Saxena, R. K. Maurya, and P. Mishra, “Assessment of performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of methanol-diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine: A review,” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (English Ed., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 638–680, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2021.02.003.

A. M. Siregar et al., “The Effect of adding aluminum scrap to motor vehicle mufflers to reduce the danger of exhaust emissions,” J. Polimesin, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 127–130, 2023.

I. Chorkendorff and J. W. Niemantsverdriet, Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics. Strauss Offsetdruck: Wiley-VCH, 2003.

S. R. Ariyanto, R. Wulandari, Suprayitno, and P. I. Purboputro, “Pengaruh Metallic Catalytic Converter Tembaga Berlapis Chrome Dalam Menurunkan Emisi Gas Buang Mesin Sepeda Motor Empat Langkah,” J. Media Mesin, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 44–51, 2022, doi: 10.23917/mesin.v23i1.16604.

S. Lee, G. Kim, and C. Bae, “Effect of mixture formation mode on the combustion and emission characteristics in a hydrogen direct-injection engine under different load conditions,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 209, p. 118276, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118276.

W. Warju, S. R. Ariyanto, A. S. Nugraha, and M. Y. Pratama, “The Effectiveness of the Brass Based Catalytic Converter to Reduce Exhaust Gas Emissions from Four-stroke Motorcycle Engines,” in International Joint Conference on Science and Engineering 2021 (IJCSE 2021) The, 2021, vol. 209, no. Ijcse, pp. 417–422. doi: 10.2991/aer.k.211215.071.

Y. Kim et al., “Dual-bed catalytic system comprising Al2O3 and Ba/Al2O3 with enhanced 1-octene productivity in 1-octanol dehydration for linear α-olefin production,” J. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 119, pp. 376–385, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.060.

M. Prabhahar et al., “Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated in the Metal Mesh Used to Enhance the Heat Transfer Performance of the Catalytic Converter and to Reduce Emission,” J. Nanomater., vol. 2022, pp. 1–9, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/9169713.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v22i1.4092