Green synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells using orange peel (Citrus sinensis) as a template for bioceramic

Manty Aldilani Ikaningsih; Wahyu Hidayat; Wirawan Piseno; Lulu Nurdini; Besse Titing Karmiati; Arif Rahman; Ba’adilla Akhista Gamara

doi:10.30811/jpl.v24i2.8645

Green synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells using orange peel (Citrus sinensis) as a template for bioceramic

Manty Aldilani Ikaningsih, Wahyu Hidayat, Wirawan Piseno, Lulu Nurdini, Besse Titing Karmiati, Arif Rahman, Ba’adilla Akhista Gamara

Abstract

This study addresses the environmental challenge posed by chicken eggshell and orange peel waste by developing a sustainable green synthesis route for hydroxyapatite (HAp). This work aimed to synthesize hydroxyapatite from eggshell-derived calcium using orange peel (Citrus sinensis L.) extract as a natural template and to evaluate the effect of extract concentration on the structural and morphological characteristics of the resulting material. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized via a wet-chemical precipitation method under alkaline conditions using orange peel extract at concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed hydroxyapatite as the dominant crystalline phase in all samples, with crystallinity values of 100%, 99.55%, 95.6%, and 95.2% for extract concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, indicating controlled reduction in crystallite size with increasing extract concentration. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a progressive reduction in particle size, decreased agglomeration, and enhanced surface porosity, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed consistent elemental composition and high purity. Among the investigated conditions, the use of 30% orange peel extract produced the most favorable overall characteristics, combining refined microstructure and controlled crystallinity.

Keywords

Eggshell; green synthesis; hydroxyapatite; orange peel extract; wet precipitation

Full Text:

PDF

References

LeGeros RZ, LeGeros JP. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: Past, Present and Future. Key Eng Mater. 2003;240–242:3–10.

Marcacci M, Kon E, Moukhachev V, Lavroukov A, Kutepov S, Quarto R, et al. Stem cells associated with macroporous bioceramics for long bone repair: 6- To 7-year outcome of a pilot clinical study. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(5):947–55.

Eliaz N, Metoki N. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications. Mater 2017, Vol 10, Page 334 [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24 [cited 2026 Jan 10];10(4):334. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/4/334/htm

Prakash M, Rajan HK, Chandraprabha MN, Shetty S, Mukherjee T, Girish Kumar S. Recent developments in green synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanocomposites: relevance to biomedical and environmental applications. Green Chem Lett Rev [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Apr 12];17(1). Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tgcl20

Alorku K, Manoj M, Yuan A. A plant-mediated synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications: A review. RSC Adv. 2020;10(67):40923–39.

Pal K, Chakroborty S, Nath N. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications. Green Process Synth. 2022;11(1):951–64.

BPS. Produksi Telur Ayam Petelur menurut Provinsi - Tabel Statistik - Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NDkxIzI=/produksi-telur-ayam-petelur-menurut-provinsi.html

Khandelwal H, Prakash S. Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Powder by Eggshell. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2016;04(02):119–26.

Gowri A, Kala K. Evaluating synthesis of Novel Hydroxyapatite from Egg Shell Compared with Chemically Synthesized HAP for Orthopedic application. J Pharm Negat Results. 2022;13(4).

Irwansyah FS, Amal AI, Hadisantoso EP, Noviyanti AR, Eddy DR, Risdiana R, et al. How to Make and Characterize Hydroxyapatite from Eggshell Using the Hydrothermal Method: Potential Insights for Drug Delivery System. Indones J Sci Technol. 2023;8(3):469–86.

Studart AR, Gonzenbach UT, Tervoort E, Gauckler LJ. Processing routes to macroporous ceramics: A review. J Am Ceram Soc. 2006 Jun;89(6):1771–89.

Gopi D, Kanimozhi K, Bhuvaneshwari N, Indira J, Kavitha L. Novel banana peel pectin mediated green route for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their spectral characterization. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2014 Jan 24 [cited 2025 Dec 27];118:589–97. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138614251301041X

Kalaiselvi V, Mathammal R, Vijayakumar S, Vaseeharan B. Microwave assisted green synthesis of Hydroxyapatite nanorods using Moringa oleifera flower extract and its antimicrobial applications. Int J Vet Sci Med [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Dec 27];6(2):286–95. Available from: /doi/pdf/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.08.003?download=true

Ragunath C, Kousalya L, Venkatachalam R, Anitha S. Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles from Wrightia tinctoria and Its Antibacterial Activity. Bionanoscience. 2022;12(3):723–30.

Baladi M, Amiri M, Mohammadi P, Salih Mahdi K, Golshani Z, Razavi R, et al. Green sol–gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using lemon extract as capping agent and investigation of its anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines (T98, and SHSY5). Arab J Chem [Internet]. 2023;16(4):104646. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104646

Manoj M, Subbiah R, Meena P, Mangalaraj D, Ponpandian N, Viswanathan C, et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Nanosheets and Its Cellular Study. Adv Sci Eng Med. 2016 Mar 30;8(3):216–21.

Gopi D, Bhuvaneshwari N, Kavitha L, Ramya S. Novel malic acid mediated green route for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite particles and their spectral characterization. Ceram Int [Internet]. 2015 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Dec 27];41(2):3116–27. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272884214017088

Wardani SC, Rujati B, Nuraprilla E, Salsabila H, Wibowo MA, Rahmatina SP, et al. Sintesis Nanohidroksiapatit Turunan Cangkang Telur sebagai Pengganti Cangkok untuk Regenerasi Tulang dalam Kedokteran Gigi: Studi Literatur. E-Prodenta J Dent. 2024;8(1):109–22.

Setiawan H, Anindi UF, Pulungan DY, Akbar N, Noviyanti AR, Solihudin S. Biocomposite of Hydroxyapatite from Chicken Egg Shells and Biochar from Rice Husk As an Adsorbent for Copper Ion and Methylene Blue. J Keramik dan Gelas Indones. 2020;29(1):1.

Upadhyay P, Ullah A. Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell biowaste using Azadirachta indica extract as a green template. New J Chem [Internet]. 2024 Jan 15 [cited 2025 Dec 12];48(3):1424–35. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/nj/d3nj01715j

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v24i2.8645