The Effect of Varying Torrefaction Temperature on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Briquettes Made from King Grass

Rifanida Rifanida, Adi Setiawan, Shafira Riskina, Abubakar Dabet, Alchalil Alchalil

Abstract


Indonesia is a country which has rich biological diversity. King grass (Pennisetum Purpupoides) is one of biological species which easily grow but has not yet been optimally used. This study examined the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of bio-briquettes produced from king grass which has been torrefied at temperatures of 150ËšC, 175ËšC and 200ËšC. Prior to torrefaction process, fresh king grass was chopped to a size <3 cm, dried under the sun for five days, and then put into the torrefaction reactor with a residence time of 45 minutes. The resulting solid product, i.e. bio-char was then pulverized and sieved to a particle size of 40 mesh, then mixed with 20% wt binder and stirred manually to reach homogeneous. Subsequently, a purposely made press machine was used to produce briquette at a pressure of 150 kg/cm2 followed by drying the product under the sun for three days. The briquette characterization employed several techniques including thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), bomb calorimeter, and mechanical testing. The results showed that the calorific value of king grass increased from 3747 cal/g to 4346 cal/g after the torrefaction process at a temperature of 175ËšC. The results of the proximate test showed that the fixed carbon content increased from 4.76% to 25.75% after the torrefaction process at a temperature of 175ËšC. In terms of mechanical properties, it is known that the torrefaction process of king grass has significantly improved the friability, density and size stability. Overall, this study has succeeded in revealing the potential use of briquette products made from king grass as alternative fuel for co-firing at steam power plant


Keywords


Biomass, King Grass, Bio-Fuel, Torrefaction, Bio-briquette

Full Text:

PDF

References


S. Zul Arif Hakimi Saadon, N. Binti Osman, M. Damodaran, and L. Shan En, “Torrefaction of Napier Grass and Oil Palm Petiole Waste Using Drop-type Pyrolysis Reactor.â€

T. Hattori and S. Morita, “Energy Crops for Sustainable Bioethanol Production; Which, Where and How?,†Plant Prod. Sci. - PLANT PROD SCI, vol. 13, pp. 221–234, 2010, doi: 10.1626/pps.13.221.

H. C. Ong et al., “Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 152, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111698.

D. Chen, K. Cen, Z. Gan, X. Zhuang, and Y. Ba, “Comparative study of electric-heating torrefaction and solar-driven torrefaction of biomass: Characterization of property variation and energy usage with torrefaction severity,†Appl. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 9, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jaecs.2021.100051.

L. Wang et al., “Effect of torrefaction on physiochemical characteristics and grindability of stem wood, stump and bark,†Appl. Energy, vol. 227, pp. 137–148, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.024.

T. Aryati, A. Williansyah, Zulnazri, and A. Setiawan, “Slow Pyrolysis of Areca-Nut Fibres in a-Pilot Scale Batch Reactor,†in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanics in Engineering, 2021, pp. 263–270.

A. Setiawan, M. Zakarya, Alchalil, and T. Bin Nur, “Experimental Investigation and Simulation of Slow Pyrolysis Process of Arabica Coffee Agroindustry Residues in a Pilot-Scale Reactor,†J. Ecol. Eng., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 260–269, 2022, doi: 10.12911/22998993/150693.

S. R. Patel et al., “A Hybrid Kinetic Analysis of the Biosolids Pyrolysis using Thermogravimetric Analyser,†ChemistrySelect, vol. 3, no. 47, pp. 13400–13407, 2018, doi: 10.1002/slct.201802957.

R. Raihan, A. Setiawan, L. Hakim, Muhammad, M. Arif, and H. Hosseiniamoli, “Preparation and Characterization of Active Charcoal Made from Robusta Coffee Skin (Coffea Canephora),†J. Chem. Eng. Enviroment, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 104–110, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/ 10.23955/rkl.v15i2.17618.

Adi Setiawan, Zein Ramadani, Hadiansyah, and Shafira Riskina, “Prototipe Alat Gasifikasi Limbah Sekam Kopi Arabika,†S00202211483, 2022.

A. Setiawan, A. G. Randa, Faisal, T. Bin Nur, and Rusdianasari, “Thermal decomposition of Gayo Arabica coffee-pulp in a segmented chamber,†in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1500, no. 1, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1500/1/012076.

S. Patel et al., “Transformation of biosolids to biochar: A case study,†Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, vol. 38, no. 4, 2019, doi: 10.1002/ep.13113.

S. Riaz, I. Oluwoye, and Y. M. Al-Abdeli, “Oxidative torrefaction of densified woody biomass: Performance, combustion kinetics and thermodynamics,†Renew. Energy, vol. 199, pp. 908–918, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.023.

S. K. Thengane, K. S. Kung, A. Gomez-Barea, and A. F. Ghoniem, “Advances in biomass torrefaction: Parameters, models, reactors, applications, deployment, and market,†Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 93, p. 101040, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101040.

P. Basu, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Torrefaction: Practical Design and Theory, Second. UK: Elsevier Inc., 2013.

H. Luo et al., “Assessments and analysis of lumped and detailed pyrolysis kinetics for biomass torrefaction with particle-scale modeling,†Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 166, p. 106619, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106619.

M. Liu, X. Zhu, R. Chen, Q. Liao, A. Xia, and Y. Huang, “Influence of torrefaction, hydrothermal carbonization and degradative solvent extraction pretreatments on moisture absorption and self-ignition characteristics of biomass,†Fuel, vol. 282, p. 118843, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118843.

A. Nurdiawati, S. Novianti, I. N. Zaini, H. Sumida, and K. Yoshikawa, “Production of Low-Potassium Solid Fuel from Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) by Employing Hydrothermal Treatment and Water Washing Process,†J. Japan Inst. Energy, vol. 94, pp. 775–780, 2015.

H. Bendjeffal, K. Guerfi, Y. Bouhedja, and N. Rebbani, “Immobilization of complexes of some heavy metals with a 2- ( 4- pyridylazo ) -resorcinol ‘ PAR ’ on Algerian hydrothermal clay,†Phys. Procedia, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 889–897, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2009.11.040.

S. Schaefer, V. Fierro, M. T. Izquierdo, and A. Celzard, “Assessment of hydrogen storage in activated carbons produced from hydrothermally treated organic materials,†Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 28, pp. 12146–12156, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.086.

A. Setiawan, F. Hayat, and Taufiq Bin Nur, “Combustion characteristics of densified bio-char produced from Gayo Arabica coffee-pulp: Effect of binder,†in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, pp. 1–6.

Alchalil, A. Setiawan, Juwaini, and T. Bin Nur, “Effect of Densification Pressure on Physical and Combustion Properties of Binderless Briquettes Made from Rice-Husk and Coffee-Pulp,†in Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 2021, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-0736-3_1.

Almuzakkir, Muhammad, and A. Setiawan, “Performance Test of a Household Rocket Stoves Fired with Coconut Frond , Coconut Shell and Bamboo,†Int. J. Res. Rev., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 2021.

D. Risky, M. Yusuf, and A. Setiawan, “Preliminary study on the use of solar energy to drive biomass briquetting machines,†J. Polimesin, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 144–150, 2020.

W.-H. Chen, K.-M. Lu, and C.-M. Tsai, “An experimental analysis on property and structure variations of agricultural wastes undergoing torrefaction,†Appl. Energy, vol. 100, pp. 318–325, 2012.

W. H. Chen, J. Peng, and X. T. Bi, “A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications,†Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039.

L. Riva et al., “Considerations on factors affecting biochar densification behavior based on a multiparameter model,†Energy, vol. 221, p. 119893, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.119893.

K. G. Satyanarayana, J. L. Guimarães, and F. Wypych, “Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. Part I: Source, production, morphology, properties and applications,†Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1694–1709, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.006.

S. Neupane, S. Adhikari, Z. Wang, A. J. Ragauskas, and Y. Pu, “Effect of torrefaction on biomass structure and hydrocarbon production from fast pyrolysis,†Green Chem., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2406–2417, 2015, doi: 10.1039/c4gc02383h.

V. Srinivasan, S. Adhikari, S. A. Chattanathan, and S. Park, “Catalytic pyrolysis of torrefied biomass for hydrocarbons production,†Energy and Fuels, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 7347–7353, 2012, doi: 10.1021/ef301469t.

R. Mahadevan et al., “Effect of torrefaction temperature on lignin macromolecule and product distribution from HZSM-5 catalytic pyrolysis,†J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 122, pp. 95–105, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.10.011.

A. D1762-84, “Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal,†2021.

A. D440-86, “Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal,†2002.

ASAE, Cubes, Pellets, and Crumbles-Definitions and Methods for Determining Density, Durability, and Moisture Content. America, 1996, pp. 525–527.

W. F. Quirino, “Características E Ãndice De Combustão De Briquetes De Carvão Vegetal,†pp. 1–19, 1991.

C. Setter, F. A. Borges, C. R. Cardoso, R. F. Mendes, and T. J. P. Oliveira, “Energy quality of pellets produced from coffee residue: Characterization of the products obtained via slow pyrolysis,†Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 154, no. October 2019, p. 112731, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112731.

M. Ivanovski, D. Goricanec, J. Krope, and D. Urbancl, “Torrefaction pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for sustainable solid biofuel production,†Energy, vol. 240, p. 122483, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122483.

I. Yang, M. Cooke-Willis, B. Song, and P. Hall, “Densification of torrefied Pinus radiata sawdust as a solid biofuel: Effect of key variables on the durability and hydrophobicity of briquettes,†Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 214, p. 106719, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106719.

J. Nikiema et al., “Impact of material composition and food waste decomposition on characteristics of fuel briquettes,†Resour. Conserv. Recycl. Adv., vol. 15, p. 200095, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200095.

N. Ferronato, I. J. Calle Mendoza, M. A. Gorritty Portillo, F. Conti, and V. Torretta, “Are waste-based briquettes alternative fuels in developing countries? A critical review,†Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 68, pp. 220–241, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.03.013.

S. A. El-Sayed and M. E. Mostafa, “Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters determination of biomass fuel powders by differential thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG),†Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 85, pp. 165–172, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.068.

M. S. Ahmad et al., “Pyrolysis and thermogravimetric study to elucidate the bioenergy potential of novel feedstock produced on poor soils while keeping the environmental sustainability intact,†Sustain., vol. 11, no. 13, 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11133592.

J. Shawe, R. Riesen, J. Widmann, and M. Schubnell, “UserCom,†Mettler Toledo, pp. 1–28, 2000.

D. P. Garcia, J. C. Caraschi, G. Ventorim, F. H. A. Vieira, and T. de Paula Protásio, “Assessment of plant biomass for pellet production using multivariate statistics (PCA and HCA),†Renew. Energy, vol. 139, pp. 796–805, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.103




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v21i1.3274

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Lisensi Creative Commons

Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional .

 

Alamat Surat :

Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe
Jl. Banda Aceh-Medan Km 280
Buketrata, Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh, Indonesia